The Nootropic Library

1,4-Dimethylamylamine

1,4-Dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA) is a synthetic sympathomimetic amine stimulant that has never been approved for human consumption. It has zero clinical trials supporting any benefits, carries serious cardiovascular risks, and is considered illegal in dietary supplements by the FDA.

1,4-Dimethylamylamine Hydrochloride

1,4-Dimethylamylamine Hydrochloride (1,4-DMAA HCl) is a synthetic stimulant that emerged as a replacement for the banned 1,3-DMAA. It has no approved medical use, no human clinical trials, and the FDA considers supplements containing it to be illegal. This is a substance that demands extreme caution.

4'-DMA-7,8-DHF

4'-Dimethylamino-7,8-dihydroxyflavone (Eutropoflavin) is a synthetic flavone derivative that mimics BDNF by directly activating TrkB receptors in the brain. It shows stronger TrkB agonist activity than its parent compound 7,8-DHF, with promising preclinical evidence for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and antidepressant effects — though no human clinical trials have been completed.

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ is a selective NNMT inhibitor that boosts intracellular NAD+ levels while reducing fat storage — without suppressing appetite. The animal data is consistent and mechanistically sound, but there are zero published human clinical trials as of early 2026, making it a compelling but unproven compound.

5-HTP

5-HTP is the direct precursor to serotonin, extracted from the seeds of the West African plant Griffonia simplicifolia. It bypasses the rate-limiting step in serotonin production and crosses the blood-brain barrier efficiently, making it one of the most direct ways to support serotonin levels through supplementation. While promising for mood, sleep, and migraine prevention, long-term use requires careful cycling and dopamine support to avoid catecholamine depletion.

5-HTP

7-Hydroxymitragynine

7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a potent opioid-active alkaloid found in trace amounts in kratom leaves and formed as a metabolite of mitragynine in the liver. While preclinical research shows remarkable analgesic potency (~13x morphine), it carries serious risks of dependence, respiratory depression, and abuse — and no controlled human trials exist. The FDA has recommended Schedule I classification for concentrated 7-OH products.

7-Keto-Dehydroepiandrosterone

7-Keto DHEA is a naturally occurring metabolite of DHEA that supports thermogenesis and metabolic rate without converting to testosterone or estrogen. It's best studied for preventing metabolic slowdown during calorie-restricted dieting, with emerging research on cortisol management and immune support.

7,8-DHF (Tropoflavin)

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone is a naturally occurring flavonoid that acts as a potent small-molecule mimic of BDNF, directly activating the TrkB receptor to support neuroplasticity, memory, and neuroprotection. While preclinical evidence is extensive and compelling, no human clinical trials have been completed, making it one of the most promising — yet still unproven — nootropic compounds available.

9-methyl-\\u03b2-carboline

9-methyl-β-carboline

9-Me-BC is a synthetic beta-carboline research chemical with a uniquely multimodal mechanism of action — simultaneously supporting dopaminergic neurons, stimulating neurotrophic factor production, promoting dendritic growth, and reducing neuroinflammation. All evidence is preclinical (no human trials exist), and significant safety concerns around phototoxicity and MAO inhibition require careful consideration.

AC-262

AC-262,536

AC-262,536 is an investigational non-steroidal SARM developed by Acadia Pharmaceuticals with high androgen receptor binding affinity but only partial agonist activity. Despite interest in the bodybuilding community, it has zero human clinical trials and an extremely thin evidence base consisting of a single two-week rat study.

AC-262536

Acetyl L-Carnitine

Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALCAR) is the acetylated, brain-penetrating form of L-carnitine that acts as both a mitochondrial energy optimizer and acetyl-group donor for neurotransmitter synthesis. With strong evidence for depression (especially in older adults), moderate evidence for age-related cognitive decline and neuropathic pain, and a uniquely diverse set of mechanisms — from the carnitine shuttle to epigenetic histone acetylation — ALCAR is one of the most well-researched and versatile compounds in the nootropic toolkit.

Acmella oleracea

Acmella oleracea is a tropical herb whose primary compound spilanthol acts as a multi-target endocannabinoid modulator — combining CB2 receptor agonism, FAAH inhibition, sodium channel blockade, and TRP channel activation. Best supported for pain management, anti-inflammation, and testosterone support, it occupies a unique niche as a natural compound that crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly and modulates pain through mechanisms similar to synthetic cannabinoid therapies.

ACP-105

ACP-105 is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed by ACADIA Pharmaceuticals with unusually high brain penetration. While most SARMs are discussed purely for muscle-building, ACP-105 stands out for its preclinical research in neuroprotection and Alzheimer's models — though no human trials exist, and all evidence remains preliminary.

Actovegin

Actovegin is a deproteinized calf blood extract containing over 200 bioactive compounds that enhances cellular energy metabolism and oxygen utilization in the brain. It has over five decades of clinical use primarily in Eastern Europe and Asia, with one major RCT showing modest cognitive benefits in post-stroke patients, though it remains unapproved by the FDA.

Adamantyl-Proline (ACA)

Adamantyl-Carbonyl-Proline (ACA) is a synthetic adamantane-proline conjugate marketed as a legal alternative to bromantane. While the adamantane scaffold is a proven pharmaceutical tool for brain penetration, ACA itself has zero published human clinical trials — all purported benefits are extrapolated from related compounds like bromantane, amantadine, and memantine.

Adrafinil

Adrafinil is a synthetic prodrug of modafinil that promotes wakefulness and alertness without the crash or jitteriness of traditional stimulants. It's primarily used as an accessible, non-prescription alternative to modafinil for occasional cognitive demands, though its liver metabolism requires careful cycling and monitoring.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 1-39

ACTH 1-39 is a 39-amino acid pituitary hormone with genuine neuroprotective properties backed by solid preclinical science — but its powerful cortisol-stimulating effects make it unsuitable as a standalone nootropic. Its real relevance to the cognitive enhancement community is as the parent molecule of Semax, which isolates the brain benefits without the hormonal baggage.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 1-39

Agmatine Sulfate

Agmatine sulfate is a naturally occurring neuromodulator derived from L-arginine that acts on multiple brain systems simultaneously — including NMDA receptors, imidazoline receptors, and nitric oxide pathways. It shows strong preclinical evidence for neuroprotection, mood support, and pain relief, with limited but encouraging human clinical data, particularly for neuropathic pain management.

Agomelatine

Agomelatine is a unique synthetic antidepressant that combines melatonin receptor agonism with serotonin 5-HT₂C antagonism — the only approved antidepressant with this dual mechanism. It resynchronizes disrupted circadian rhythms while boosting dopamine and norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex, offering antidepressant and cognitive benefits without the sexual dysfunction, weight gain, or withdrawal syndrome associated with SSRIs.

Agrocybe bisporus

Agaricus bisporus — the common white button mushroom — is the world's most widely consumed mushroom and a surprisingly rich source of the brain antioxidant ergothioneine. Animal studies show promising neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects through gut-brain axis modulation, but human clinical trials have so far been disappointing. Best positioned as a low-risk, food-based foundation for brain health rather than a targeted nootropic.

Akuamma

Akuamma seeds are the seeds of the Picralima nitida plant, primarily used for their analgesic and nootropic effects. They contain alkaloids such as akuammine, which are believed to enhance cognitive f

Akuammine

Akuammine is an indole alkaloid from the West African akuamma tree (Picralima nitida) with weak opioid receptor activity, traditionally used for pain and fever. Current research is entirely preclinical, and its 'nootropic' reputation comes more from supplement communities than scientific evidence.

Alpha-GPC

Alpha-GPC is one of the most bioavailable choline sources available, delivering approximately 41% choline by weight directly to the brain for acetylcholine synthesis. It has moderate-to-strong clinical evidence for supporting cognitive decline and emerging evidence for acute mental performance in healthy adults. It's also the go-to choline source for stacking with racetams and other nootropics that increase acetylcholine demand.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key Krebs cycle intermediate that sits at the crossroads of energy production, neurotransmitter synthesis, epigenetic regulation, and longevity pathways. Animal studies show impressive lifespan extension, and preliminary human data on biological age reversal has generated significant interest in the longevity community — though rigorous human trials are still ongoing.

Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Acetate

Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Acetate (α-MSH) is a neuropeptide produced naturally in the brain that activates melanocortin receptors involved in neuroprotection, inflammation control, and potentially cognition. While animal studies show impressive results for cognitive rescue and neurogenesis, no human clinical trials exist for nootropic use, and the native peptide's extremely short half-life (~5 minutes) makes practical supplementation nearly impossible without modified analogues.

Ampakines

Ampakines are a class of synthetic compounds that enhance brain function by positively modulating AMPA glutamate receptors, boosting synaptic plasticity and BDNF production. While preclinical evidence is compelling, human clinical results have been mixed, and most potent compounds remain unavailable to consumers.

Andarine

Andarine (S-4) is a discontinued investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) originally developed for muscle wasting and osteoporosis. It shows promising preclinical results for muscle and bone preservation but has no published human clinical trial data, and its development was halted due to unique vision side effects.

Andrographis

Andrographis paniculata is a potent bitter herb with strong clinical evidence for immune support and emerging preclinical evidence for neuroprotection. Its active compound andrographolide crosses the blood-brain barrier, inhibits NF-κB, activates the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, and preserves acetylcholine levels — but human cognitive trials are still lacking.

Andrographolide

Andrographolide is a bitter diterpenoid compound from Andrographis paniculata with a unique neuroprotective profile — it activates Wnt signaling, inhibits GSK-3β, and suppresses neuroinflammation through multiple pathways. While animal research on cognitive protection is compelling, human clinical data is currently limited to immune support. Best suited for long-term neuroprotective stacking rather than acute cognitive enhancement.

Aniracetam

Aniracetam is a fat-soluble racetam nootropic and AMPA receptor modulator developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1970s. It's uniquely valued among racetams for combining cognitive enhancement with anxiolytic and mood-lifting properties, making it a popular choice for social cognition, creative work, and verbal fluency.

Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins are the natural pigments that give berries their deep red, purple, and blue colors, but they do more than just look good. As potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatories, they support brain health by improving blood flow, enhancing memory, and protecting neurons from damage. They are best for those seeking long-term, foundational cognitive support.

AOD-9604

AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide derived from the fat-burning region of human growth hormone. It showed strong fat-loss results in animal studies and has a remarkably clean safety profile across 900+ human subjects — but its largest clinical trial failed to beat placebo for weight loss. It's a well-tolerated peptide with modest real-world effects, best suited for those already dialed in on diet and exercise.

Apigenin

Apigenin is a naturally occurring flavone found abundantly in chamomile, parsley, and celery that acts on GABA receptors, inhibits CD38 to raise NAD+ levels, and supports BDNF-driven neuroplasticity. It's best known as a gentle sleep and relaxation aid that works through multiple brain pathways without the dependency risks of pharmaceuticals.

ARA-290

ARA-290 (Cibinetide) is a synthetic 11-amino acid peptide derived from erythropoietin that selectively activates the innate repair receptor to promote nerve regeneration and reduce inflammation — without the blood-thickening risks of EPO. It has orphan drug designation for sarcoidosis and shows the most promise for small fiber neuropathy and neuropathic pain.

Armodafinil

Armodafinil (Nuvigil) is the purified R-enantiomer of modafinil — a prescription wakefulness-promoting agent that delivers longer-lasting alertness with a cleaner pharmacokinetic profile. FDA-approved for narcolepsy, shift work disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea, it's also widely used off-label for cognitive enhancement, though the strongest evidence supports its use in sleep-deprived populations rather than healthy, well-rested individuals.

Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha is a foundational adaptogen used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3,000 years, clinically validated for reducing stress, supporting cognitive function, and enhancing resilience. It works by modulating cortisol, enhancing GABAergic and cholinergic signaling, and protecting neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation.

Ashwagandha

Astragaloside IV

Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, a cornerstone herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It's gained serious attention for its ability to activate telomerase, protect neurons from oxidative stress, and cross the blood-brain barrier — making it one of the more compelling longevity-meets-cognition compounds available today.

ATP

ATP

ATP is the universal energy currency of every cell in your body, and your brain burns through roughly 25% of your total supply. Supplemental ATP (as disodium salt at 400mg/day) doesn't flood your system with energy directly — it works chronically by building your body's capacity to produce and release ATP when you need it most. The strongest evidence supports its role in reducing exercise fatigue and supporting strength gains, while its nootropic potential remains largely preliminary.

Bacopa Monnieri

Bacopa monnieri is one of the most well-researched natural nootropics available, with over 3,000 years of use in Ayurvedic medicine and strong clinical trial support for improving memory, learning, and stress resilience. It works through multiple brain pathways — boosting acetylcholine, modulating serotonin, increasing BDNF, and literally growing new neural connections — but requires 6-12 weeks of consistent daily use to deliver its full benefits.

Barberry

Berberis vulgaris (common barberry) is a berberine-rich medicinal shrub with strong clinical evidence for blood sugar regulation, cholesterol management, and metabolic syndrome support. While direct human cognitive studies are limited, its AMPK activation, cholinesterase inhibition, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms make it a compelling long-term neuroprotective agent — especially for those focused on metabolic health as a foundation for brain performance.

Barberry

Bemethyl Hydrobromide

Bemetil

Bemetil is a synthetic actoprotector developed in the Soviet Union that enhances physical and mental performance through protein synthesis and genomic activation rather than stimulant mechanisms. It has extensive military and athletic use history in Russia and is best suited for endurance, stress resilience, and recovery from chronic fatigue.

Berberine

Berberine hydrochloride is one of the most well-researched natural supplements for metabolic health, with dozens of RCTs supporting its use for blood sugar regulation, cholesterol reduction, and insulin sensitivity. While preclinical data suggests neuroprotective and mood-supporting potential through AMPK activation, gut-brain axis modulation, and monoamine elevation, its cognitive benefits in humans remain unproven — making it a powerful metabolic optimizer with indirect brain health upside.

Beta-Caryophyllene

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a dietary cannabinoid found in black pepper, cloves, and cannabis that selectively activates CB2 receptors — giving you anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective benefits without any psychoactive effects. Preclinical research is strong for pain, anxiety, and cognitive support, though human clinical data is still catching up.

Beta-Ecdysterone

Black Pepper Extract

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) contains piperine, a compound that enhances focus and memory through cholinergic and dopaminergic modulation while simultaneously boosting the bioavailability of other nutrients and supplements by up to 2000%. Used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, modern research confirms its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties at surprisingly low doses.

Black Seed (Nigella sativa)

Nigella sativa (black seed) is one of the most extensively studied medicinal plants in history, with over 3,000 years of traditional use and growing modern evidence for neuroprotection, cognitive support, and mood stabilization. Its primary active compound, thymoquinone, works through multiple brain pathways including acetylcholinesterase inhibition, GABA modulation, and BDNF enhancement — making it a versatile foundational nootropic for long-term brain health.

Black Seed (Nigella sativa)

Boron

Boron is a trace mineral that acts as a 'mineral optimizer' — enhancing the bioavailability of magnesium, calcium, vitamin D, and testosterone rather than producing a single dramatic effect on its own. At 3–6 mg daily, it's one of the most underrated and affordable supplements for overall brain and hormonal health.

Boswellia

Boswellia serrata is an ancient Ayurvedic resin with potent anti-inflammatory properties driven by its boswellic acids, particularly AKBA. Emerging clinical evidence suggests cognitive benefits in populations with neuroinflammation (Alzheimer's, TBI, aging), though evidence in healthy adults remains limited. It's best used as a long-term neuroprotective agent in anti-inflammatory stacks, taken with fatty food for dramatically improved absorption.

BPC-157

BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide derived from a protein found in human gastric juice, with extensive preclinical evidence for tissue healing, gut protection, and neuroprotection. While animal data is remarkably consistent and positive, human clinical evidence remains extremely limited — making it one of the most promising yet unproven peptides in the biohacking space.

Bromantane

Bromantane (Ladasten) is a Soviet-developed actoprotector that enhances dopamine synthesis by upregulating tyrosine hydroxylase and AADC enzymes — a fundamentally different mechanism than traditional stimulants. A large 728-patient Russian clinical trial showed it improved fatigue in 76% of cases at 50-100mg/day with only 3% experiencing mild side effects.

Cacao Extract

Theobroma cacao extract is a flavanol-rich compound derived from cocoa that enhances cognitive function through improved cerebral blood flow, potent antioxidant activity, and neuroprotective effects. Unlike the candy bar version, standardized extracts like Chocamine deliver therapeutic doses of epicatechin and other bioactive compounds that support long-term brain health and cognitive performance.

Cacao Extract

Caffeine

Caffeine is the world's most consumed psychoactive substance, a natural stimulant found in plants like coffee and tea, renowned for its ability to block adenosine receptors in the brain. This action leads to enhanced alertness, improved focus, and a reduction in fatigue, making it a powerful tool for cognitive and physical performance.

Caffeine Anhydrous

Caffeine anhydrous is the dehydrated, crystalline form of the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance. Decades of meta-analyses confirm its benefits for attention, alertness, reaction time, and exercise performance, making it the most well-researched nootropic in existence. Best results come from precise dosing (100–200mg for cognition), cycling to manage tolerance, and pairing with L-theanine for smooth, focused energy.

Cannabigerol

Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid often called the 'mother of all cannabinoids' because it's the precursor from which THC, CBD, and other cannabinoids are made. Early clinical research shows it reduces anxiety by 26.5% at just 20mg while enhancing focus and memory — making it one of the few cannabinoids with a genuine daytime nootropic profile.

Capromorelin

Capromorelin is an orally active ghrelin receptor agonist originally developed by Pfizer for age-related frailty in elderly humans. While a Phase II trial showed modest improvements in lean body mass and physical function, human development was abandoned and the compound is now FDA-approved only for veterinary use in dogs and cats. For those interested in oral GH secretagogues, MK-677 (ibutamoren) remains the more established and accessible option.

Carbon 60

Carbon 60 (C60) is a Nobel Prize-winning molecule with extraordinary antioxidant potential — a spherical cage of 60 carbon atoms that scavenges free radicals far more efficiently than conventional antioxidants. While preclinical research on neuroprotection and mitochondrial support is genuinely intriguing, C60 has zero human clinical trials, a critical light-dependent toxicity concern, and contested lifespan claims. It remains firmly experimental.

CBD

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid from Cannabis sativa with an unusually broad pharmacological profile, interacting with serotonin, GABA, endocannabinoid, and ion channel systems. It has strong evidence for epilepsy (FDA-approved as Epidiolex) and moderate evidence for anxiety, though effective clinical doses (300-600mg) are significantly higher than most consumer products provide.

Celastrus paniculatus

Celastrus paniculatus is a revered Ayurvedic brain tonic with robust preclinical evidence for memory enhancement, neuroprotection, and mood support. Its multi-target mechanism — cholinergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and monoaminergic — makes it one of the most pharmacologically interesting traditional nootropics, though human clinical trials remain limited.

Centrophenoxine

Centrophenoxine (meclofenoxate) is a synthetic nootropic developed in 1959 that combines DMAE with a carrier molecule for better brain penetration. While its unique lipofuscin-clearing and antioxidant properties make it stand out among choline sources, human clinical evidence for cognitive enhancement remains limited and inconclusive.

Ceylon Cinnamon

Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is a neuroprotective spice with strong preclinical evidence for supporting brain health through BDNF upregulation, anti-amyloid activity, and dopamine stimulation. While human cognitive trials are still lacking, its well-documented metabolic benefits and excellent safety profile make it a solid addition to a long-term brain health strategy.

Ceylon Cinnamon

Chaga Mushroom

Inonotus obliquus, or Chaga, is a potent antioxidant powerhouse that grows on birch trees. It's not a typical nootropic for sharp focus, but rather a foundational supplement for long-term resilience, immune support, and fighting inflammation. Its biggest drawback is a high oxalate content, requiring careful dosage.

Chaga Mushroom

Chinese Skullcap

Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese Skullcap) is a traditional herb containing powerful flavonoids—baicalin and baicalein—that modulate GABA receptors, reduce neuroinflammation, and provide potent antioxidant neuroprotection. Research shows moderate evidence for improved focus and attention with consistent use at 300-600mg daily.

Chlorella

Chlorella vulgaris is a nutrient-dense freshwater microalga packed with protein, chlorophyll, B-vitamins, and a unique compound called Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF). While not a dramatic acute nootropic, multiple human trials support its role as a foundational supplement for antioxidant protection, immune enhancement, detoxification, and mood support — making it a strong addition to any long-term brain health strategy.

Choline L-Bitartrate

Choline L-Bitartrate is the most affordable and widely available supplemental form of choline, an essential nutrient that roughly 90% of Americans don't get enough of. While it's a legitimate way to meet your baseline choline needs and support acetylcholine production, it's the weakest nootropic form of choline due to poor blood-brain barrier penetration — making Alpha-GPC or CDP-Choline better choices for direct cognitive enhancement.

Cistanche deserticola

Cistanche tubulosa

Cistanche tubulosa is a parasitic desert plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for nearly 2,000 years, prized for its unique combination of neuroprotective, hormonal, and gut-brain axis benefits. Its primary active compounds — echinacoside and acteoside — show promising results in animal and preliminary human studies for cognitive support, mood enhancement, and vitality, though large-scale clinical trials are still lacking.

Citicoline

Citicoline (CDP-choline) is one of the most well-researched and well-rounded nootropic compounds available, providing both choline for neurotransmitter production and cytidine for neuronal membrane repair. With over 90% oral bioavailability, a strong safety profile, and evidence supporting memory improvement in older adults, it's a foundational supplement for anyone serious about long-term cognitive health.

CJC-1295

CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that stimulates sustained, dose-dependent release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Available in two forms — with DAC (long-acting, dosed weekly) and without DAC (short-acting, dosed daily) — it's one of the most widely used peptides for GH optimization, with moderate evidence for cognitive benefits extrapolated from closely related GHRH analogs.

Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is an endogenous compound critical to mitochondrial energy production and one of the body's most important lipid-soluble antioxidants. It has strong clinical evidence for heart failure, migraine prevention, and fertility support, though its direct nootropic effects are limited by poor blood-brain barrier penetration. Best used as part of a mitochondrial support stack rather than a standalone cognitive enhancer.

Colivelin

Colivelin is a synthetic 26-amino-acid neuroprotective peptide created by fusing ADNF-9 and a potent Humanin derivative. It activates two independent neuroprotective pathways simultaneously, showing extraordinary potency in preclinical Alzheimer's and neurodegeneration models — estimated at 100 million times more potent than native Humanin in vitro. All evidence remains preclinical with no human trials to date.

Coluracetam

Coluracetam is a unique racetam nootropic that enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU), the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine production. While animal research is promising and user reports of 'HD vision' and mood support are widespread, human clinical evidence remains limited to a single Phase IIa trial that failed its primary endpoints.

Copper Peptide AHK-Cu

AHK-Cu is a synthetic copper-binding tripeptide developed as a more targeted analog of GHK-Cu, with strong in vitro evidence for hair follicle stimulation and tissue repair. While it shares copper-delivery mechanisms with its better-known cousin, AHK-Cu's research base is narrower — primarily centered on dermatological applications rather than cognitive enhancement.

Cordyceps

Cordyceps sinensis is a parasitic fungus from the Tibetan Plateau with centuries of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Clinically studied for exercise performance, kidney support, and immune modulation, it works primarily through adenosine receptor activity, mitochondrial energy production, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Best suited for physically active individuals seeking clean, sustained energy without stimulant side effects.

Coriander

Coriander seed extract is a fast-acting, GABAergic herbal nootropic driven by its primary compound (S)-(+)-linalool. A human RCT found 500mg/day significantly reduced anxiety and depression while improving memory and sleep quality. It occupies a unique niche as a mild, food-grade anxiolytic with a strong safety profile.

Coriander

Cortexin

Cortexin is a complex polypeptide bioregulator derived from the cerebral cortex of young cattle or pigs, developed at the Russian Military Medical Academy in 1986. Widely prescribed across Russia for cognitive impairment, brain ischemia, and pediatric neurodevelopmental conditions, it works through multiple mechanisms including neurotransmitter modulation, anti-apoptotic neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity support — though the evidence base remains limited by Western clinical trial standards.

Creatine Monohydrate

Creatine monohydrate is the most researched sports supplement in history, and emerging evidence suggests it may be just as relevant for your brain. It works by expanding your cells' ATP energy buffer — the fundamental currency that powers every thought, movement, and biological process. The strongest cognitive benefits appear in vegetarians, older adults, and anyone under sleep deprivation or high mental stress.

Curcumin

Curcumin is the primary bioactive compound in turmeric and one of the most-studied natural substances on earth, with over 20,000 published papers. It acts on multiple inflammatory, antioxidant, and neurotrophic pathways simultaneously — making it a uniquely broad-spectrum tool for brain health, mood support, and long-term neuroprotection. The catch is notoriously poor bioavailability, which makes formulation choice critical.

Cyanidin 3-Glucoside

Cyanidin 3-Glucoside (C3G) is the most abundant anthocyanin in nature — the purple-red pigment behind deeply colored berries and black rice. It works through multiple converging pathways including Nrf2 antioxidant activation, AMPK-driven metabolic enhancement, and neuroprotective signaling, making it a compelling long-term brain health and body composition support compound with a strong safety profile.

Cyclazodone

Cyclazodone is a potent synthetic stimulant derived from pemoline, estimated to be 3-5x more potent than its parent compound. It promotes dopamine and norepinephrine release, producing strong focus and wakefulness effects. However, it has zero human clinical trials and carries a potential hepatotoxicity risk inherited from pemoline's well-documented liver toxicity profile.

Cycloastragenol

Cycloastragenol is a triterpenoid saponin derived from Astragalus membranaceus that has gained significant attention as one of the few compounds shown to activate telomerase — the enzyme that maintains telomere length. Beyond its anti-aging potential, emerging research suggests neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties that make it particularly interesting for cognitive longevity.

D-Ribose

D-Ribose is a 5-carbon sugar that serves as the structural backbone of ATP, your cells' primary energy currency. It shows promise for cardiac support, exercise recovery, and chronic fatigue — but its tendency to produce advanced glycation end products (AGEs) means dose and duration matter more than most people realize.

Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide

Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide that specifically targets slow-wave (delta) sleep — the deepest, most restorative phase of your sleep cycle. Despite being discovered in 1974, its exact mechanism remains one of neuroscience's great unsolved mysteries, with no identified receptor or encoding gene. Human evidence is limited but intriguing, showing promise for sleep quality, stress reduction, and neuroprotection.

Delta-8 THC

Delta-8 THC

Delta-8-THC is a naturally occurring minor cannabinoid and positional isomer of Delta-9-THC, producing qualitatively similar but roughly half-as-potent psychoactive effects. Most commercial Delta-8 is semi-synthetic, converted from hemp-derived CBD. While early clinical evidence is promising — particularly for nausea — the unregulated market means product quality and safety vary enormously.

DHEA

DHEA

DHEA is the most abundant circulating steroid hormone in the human body, serving as both a neurosteroid and a precursor to sex hormones. Its strongest evidence is for mood support and mild-to-moderate depression, though cognitive enhancement claims remain largely unsupported by clinical trials. Best suited for individuals over 40 with documented low DHEA levels, ideally used under medical supervision with blood testing.

Dihexa

Dihexa is a synthetic angiotensin IV analog designed to cross the blood-brain barrier and promote synaptic connections through the HGF/c-Met pathway. While its mechanism is genuinely novel, the foundational research has serious integrity problems — including retracted papers and data fabrication — and the related pharmaceutical compound failed its pivotal clinical trial. This is a high-risk, high-unknown compound with zero human clinical data.

Dihydroberberine

Dihydroberberine is the reduced, more bioavailable form of berberine — delivering roughly 5x the absorption at a fraction of the dose, with significantly fewer GI side effects. It activates AMPK through mitochondrial Complex I inhibition (the same mechanism as metformin) and is best suited for people seeking metabolic support who couldn't tolerate standard berberine.

Dihydromyricetin

Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a flavonoid from vine tea with over a thousand years of traditional use in Chinese medicine. It acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors and shows strong preclinical evidence for neuroprotection, liver support, and anxiety reduction — though human clinical data remains limited.

DL-Malic Acid

DL-Malic acid is a racemic mixture of the D- and L-forms of malic acid, a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle that supports mitochondrial ATP production. While the biochemical rationale for energy and cognitive support is strong, direct clinical evidence for nootropic benefits is extremely limited — it's best used as a supporting compound in mitochondrial energy stacks rather than a standalone brain supplement.

DL-Phenylalanine

DL-Phenylalanine

DL-Phenylalanine (DLPA) is a 50/50 blend of two forms of the essential amino acid phenylalanine — L-Phenylalanine, a direct precursor to dopamine and norepinephrine, and D-Phenylalanine, which may help preserve the body's natural endorphins. The strongest evidence supports its use for mood, though the research is limited and dated. It is generally safe at standard doses but absolutely contraindicated in PKU and with MAOI medications.

DMAA

DMAA

DMAA is a potent synthetic sympathomimetic stimulant originally developed as a nasal decongestant in the 1940s. It was banned by the FDA in 2013 after being linked to serious cardiovascular events including deaths. While users report strong stimulant effects, no controlled human trials support nootropic benefits, and the risk profile far outweighs any potential upside.

DMAE

DMAE

DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) is a naturally occurring compound found in fatty fish and produced in small amounts in the human brain. Once sold as the prescription drug Deaner for hyperactivity in children, it's now a popular nootropic supplement — though its traditional mechanism as an acetylcholine precursor has been largely debunked by research. DMAE may still offer benefits through membrane stabilization, antioxidant activity, and indirect choline-sparing effects, but it requires honest expectations and careful cycling.

DMHA (Octodrine)

1,5-Dimethylhexylamine Hydrochloride (DMHA) is a synthetic sympathomimetic stimulant that increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Originally developed as a nasal decongestant in the 1940s, it resurfaced in the supplement industry as a DMAA replacement. It has zero human clinical trials, is considered unsafe by the FDA, and is banned in competitive sports.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

DHA is the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain, making up roughly 40% of total brain fatty acids. It's a foundational nutrient for cognitive function, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection — and most people aren't getting nearly enough.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

Ecdysterone

Ecdysterone

20-Hydroxyecdysone is a plant-derived steroid hormone with a growing body of evidence supporting its role in muscle preservation, physical performance, and neuroprotection — without the hormonal side effects of synthetic anabolics. Phase 2b clinical trial data shows meaningful improvements in gait speed in sarcopenic older adults, while animal research consistently demonstrates neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.

Eleuthero

Eleuthero root extract is an herbal extract derived from the Eleutherococcus senticosus plant. It is primarily used for its adaptogenic properties, which may help enhance cognitive function, reduce fa

Eleuthero

Emoxypine

Emoxypine

Emoxypine is a synthetic antioxidant related to vitamin B6, developed in the Soviet Union and widely prescribed in Russia as Mexidol for stroke recovery, chronic brain ischemia, and anxiety. It offers neuroprotective and mild anxiolytic effects with an excellent safety profile and no dependence risk, though Western clinical validation remains limited.

Emoxypine Succinate

Enoki Mushroom

Flammulina velutipes (enoki mushroom) is an edible fungus with emerging preclinical evidence for neuroprotective, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Its standout feature is exceptionally high ergothioneine content — a rare antioxidant that crosses the blood-brain barrier — plus a documented synergy with ginsenosides for cognitive enhancement.

Enoki Mushroom

EPA

EPA

EPA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid found primarily in cold-water fish and algae. It is one of the most well-researched nutritional compounds available, with strong evidence for cardiovascular risk reduction, mood support (particularly depression), and systemic anti-inflammatory effects. As a nootropic, EPA works as a foundational background optimizer — supporting brain function through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and improved membrane fluidity rather than acute cognitive enhancement.

Epicatechin

(−)-Epicatechin is a naturally occurring flavanol found in high concentrations in cocoa, green tea, and berries. It enhances cerebral blood flow through nitric oxide signaling, elevates BDNF, and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis — making it a versatile compound for both brain and body optimization. With roughly 82% bioavailability and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it stands out from most polyphenols.

Epitalon

Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) derived from research on bovine pineal gland extracts. It activates telomerase, restores melatonin production, and has demonstrated lifespan extension in multiple animal models. While the preclinical evidence is unusually extensive for a research peptide, nearly all data comes from one research group, and large-scale human trials are still lacking.

Epitalon Acetate

Epithalon

Eugenol

Eugenol is the primary bioactive compound in clove oil, a phenylpropanoid with multi-target neuroprotective activity including MAO-A inhibition, GABA-A potentiation, and potent antioxidant effects. While preclinical evidence is strong and consistent, human clinical trials for cognitive endpoints are virtually nonexistent — making it best suited as a background neuroprotectant in a broader stack rather than a standalone cognitive enhancer.

F-Phenibut

F-Phenibut is a potent, fast-acting derivative of Phenibut that provides strong anti-anxiety and mood-lifting effects. As an unregulated research chemical with no human clinical trials, it carries a significant risk of dependence, tolerance, and severe side effects, and should be approached with extreme caution.

F-Phenibut HCl

Fasoracetam

Fasoracetam is a unique racetam nootropic researched for its potential as a non-stimulant ADHD treatment and anxiety reducer. It works by modulating glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine systems, offering a 'calm focus' rather than pure stimulation. Evidence is strongest for specific ADHD subtypes, with other benefits being more preliminary.

Fladrafinil

Fladrafinil (CRL-40,941) is a synthetic eugeroic compound and fluorinated derivative of adrafinil that converts to modafinil in the body. It promotes wakefulness, focus, and motivation at reportedly 3-4x the potency of adrafinil, though it has zero published human clinical trials and remains an unregulated research chemical.

Flmodafinil

Flmodafinil (CRL-40,940) is a fluorinated analog of modafinil with promising preclinical data showing greater potency, longer duration, and fewer drug interactions than its parent compound. However, no human clinical trials have been published, making all human dosing information anecdotal. It remains an unregulated research chemical.

Fonturacetam

Fonturacetam (phenylpiracetam) is a potent racetam nootropic originally developed for Soviet cosmonauts, offering a unique combination of cognitive enhancement and clean stimulation through dopamine reuptake inhibition. It's 30–60x more potent than its parent compound piracetam, but tolerance develops quickly — making cycling essential.

Forskolin

Forskolin

Forskolin is a unique diterpene from Coleus forskohlii that directly activates adenylyl cyclase — the only known natural compound to do so — raising intracellular cAMP levels involved in fat metabolism, hormone signaling, and memory-related pathways. It has the strongest clinical evidence for body composition in men and intraocular pressure reduction, while its nootropic potential remains theoretically compelling but unproven in human trials.

GABA

GABA is the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, responsible for calming neural activity and counterbalancing excitatory signals. As a supplement, its effects are limited by poor blood-brain barrier penetration, though it may still work through peripheral pathways including the gut-brain axis. The strongest evidence supports modest blood pressure reduction, with more limited data for stress and sleep benefits.

GABA

GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide that declines significantly with age and influences the expression of over 4,000 human genes. While best known for skin rejuvenation, emerging animal research suggests powerful neuroprotective and cognitive-supportive effects, particularly through intranasal delivery.

GHRP-2

GHRP-2 is a synthetic hexapeptide that stimulates pulsatile growth hormone release by activating the ghrelin receptor. It has the strongest clinical pedigree of any research peptide in its class — approved in Japan as a diagnostic tool since 2004 — and is valued for its sleep-enhancing, recovery-boosting, and body composition effects.

GHRP-6

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide that potently stimulates growth hormone release through the ghrelin receptor. It's the strongest appetite stimulator in the GHRP family and shows promising cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties in preclinical research, though human data remains limited beyond GH release and safety studies.

Ginger

Zingiber officinale (ginger) is a 5,000-year-old medicinal rhizome with emerging evidence for cognitive enhancement through anti-inflammatory, cholinergic, and gut-brain axis pathways. Clinical trials show improvements in working memory and attention at 400–800mg standardized extract daily, while its broad neuroprotective mechanisms make it a strong foundational ingredient in cognitive health stacks.

Ginger

Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba is the most clinically researched herbal nootropic in the world, with strong evidence supporting its use for mild dementia and age-related cognitive decline at 240 mg/day of standardized extract (EGb 761). While it's a legitimate treatment tool for older adults with cognitive concerns, evidence for boosting brainpower in healthy young people is weak — making quality and realistic expectations essential.

Ginseng

Panax ginseng is an herbal extract derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant. It is primarily used for its potential nootropic benefits, including enhancing cognitive function, reducing fatigue

Ginseng

Ginsenosides

Ginsenosides are the primary bioactive compounds in ginseng, with over 150 identified variants that modulate multiple neurotransmitter systems simultaneously. They offer broad-spectrum cognitive support, stress resilience, and neuroprotection — though the effects are subtle and cumulative rather than dramatic.

Gotu Kola

Gotu Kola

Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) is a revered Ayurvedic nervine tonic that promotes neuroplasticity, reduces anxiety, and supports neuroprotection through its unique triterpene compounds. Best suited for people seeking a gentle, calming nootropic that builds results over weeks rather than hours.

Green Tea Extract

Green Tea Extract

Green tea extract combines three synergistic compounds — EGCG, L-theanine, and caffeine — that together support calm focus, long-term brain health, and stress resilience. It's one of the most well-researched plant-based nootropics available, with thousands of years of traditional use backed by modern clinical evidence.

GW-501516

GW-501516 is a PPARδ agonist originally developed by GlaxoSmithKline for cardiovascular disease that showed remarkable lipid-improving and endurance-enhancing effects in clinical trials. Development was halted in 2007 after preclinical studies revealed multi-organ tumor development in rodents, making it one of the most pharmacologically promising — and most safety-controversial — compounds in the performance enhancement space.

GW0742

GW0742 is a highly selective PPARβ/δ agonist developed by GlaxoSmithKline as a more potent successor to Cardarine (GW501516). While preclinical research shows promising metabolic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects, it has never entered human clinical trials, and significant safety questions — particularly around cancer risk — remain unresolved.

GW501516

Hesperidin

Hesperidin is a citrus bioflavonoid found in orange peel with strong evidence for vascular health and emerging research supporting cognitive function through improved cerebral blood flow, BDNF upregulation, and anti-inflammatory pathways. It's well-tolerated, affordable, and works best as a long-term foundational supplement rather than an acute nootropic.

HGH Fragment 176-191

HGH Fragment 176-191 is a synthetic peptide derived from the fat-burning region of human growth hormone. It promotes lipolysis without the growth-promoting or insulin-disrupting effects of full-length HGH, though its closest tested analog failed its pivotal human clinical trial.

HMB

Calcium β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB-Ca) is the calcium salt of a natural leucine metabolite with strong clinical evidence for muscle preservation and emerging animal research suggesting neuroprotective and cognitive benefits via PPARα activation, BDNF upregulation, and enhanced hippocampal plasticity. At 3 g/day, it's one of the safest and best-studied anti-catabolic supplements available, with a compelling — but still early-stage — story as a brain health compound.

Holy Basil (Tulsi)

Holy Basil is an adaptogenic herb known for its potential to reduce stress and enhance mental clarity. It is primarily used for its nootropic benefits, including improving cognitive function and promo

Holy Basil (Tulsi)

Honokiol

Honokiol is a biphenyl neolignan from Magnolia bark with a remarkably broad mechanism of action — modulating GABA-A receptors, activating mitochondrial SIRT3, and partially agonizing CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Preclinical evidence is strong for anxiety, sleep, and neuroprotection, though human clinical trials of isolated honokiol remain limited. It crosses the blood-brain barrier effectively despite low oral bioavailability, and newer liposomal formulations are addressing absorption challenges.

Hordenine

Hordenine is a naturally occurring phenethylamine alkaloid found in barley, cacti, and other plants that acts as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and MAO-B inhibitor. It's most commonly used as a mild stimulant and PEA potentiator for focus and mood, though human clinical evidence remains limited.

Horny Goat Weed

Horny Goat Weed

Epimedium grandiflorum (Horny Goat Weed) is a traditional Chinese herb containing icariin, a mild PDE5 and PDE4 inhibitor with impressive preclinical neuroprotective data but no human cognitive trials. Best supported for sexual health and vitality, it shows promising but unproven potential for brain health, limited primarily by poor oral bioavailability.

Humanin

Humanin is a 24-amino-acid peptide encoded by the mitochondrial genome — the first mitochondrial-derived peptide ever discovered. Preclinical research consistently shows potent neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects across multiple independent labs, but zero human clinical trials exist. This is a genuinely fascinating research compound to watch, not a proven therapeutic.

Huperzine A

Huperzine A is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor derived from Chinese club moss that increases brain acetylcholine levels while offering multi-target neuroprotection. It's one of the better-researched natural nootropics, approved as an Alzheimer's treatment in China and widely used as a cognitive supplement worldwide.

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan that forms the structural backbone of your brain's extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets — specialized structures that regulate synaptic plasticity and cognitive flexibility. While best known for joint and skin benefits backed by solid clinical evidence, emerging neuroscience reveals HA plays a far more fundamental role in brain health than most people realize.

Hydrafinil

Hydrafinil (fluorenol) is a synthetic wakefulness-promoting compound that emerged from Cephalon's research into next-generation modafinil alternatives. Animal studies showed it promoted wakefulness at levels exceeding modafinil, but it was never developed into a pharmaceutical product and has essentially zero human clinical evidence for cognitive benefits.

Ibudilast

Ibudilast (MN-166/Ketas) is a multi-target anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drug approved in Japan since 1989 with over 3.2 million patients treated. It inhibits PDE4 and antagonizes TLR4, reducing neuroinflammation while promoting neurotrophic factor production. A landmark NEJM-published trial showed it slowed brain atrophy by 48% in progressive MS patients.

Ibutamoren

Ibutamoren

Ibutamoren (MK-677) is a potent, orally-active compound that mimics the hunger hormone ghrelin to significantly boost your body's own Growth Hormone and IGF-1 levels. Users primarily take it for muscle growth, improved sleep quality, and faster recovery. However, it comes with significant side effects, including intense appetite, water retention, and potential long-term risks like decreased insulin sensitivity.

Ibutamoren Mesylate

Icariin

Icariin is the active compound in Horny Goat Weed, a traditional herb best known for improving libido by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme. Preclinical research suggests it may also offer nootropic benefits like cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection by modulating inflammation and promoting neurogenesis, but human data for these effects is lacking.

IDRA-21

IDRA-21 is an extremely potent and long-lasting ampakine nootropic, a class of compounds that enhance the function of AMPA receptors in the brain. All evidence for its effects comes from animal studies, and its primary safety concern is the risk of excitotoxicity. It is a research chemical not intended for human consumption.

Indole-3-carbinol

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a compound from cruciferous vegetables like broccoli that your body converts into the more powerful DIM (diindolylmethane). While it offers potent antioxidant and hormone-balancing effects, the direct evidence for it as a cognitive-enhancing nootropic is weak and based on preliminary research. It's more of a foundational health supplement than a direct brain-booster.

Ipamorelin

Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide that stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH). It's favored for its high selectivity, which means it boosts GH with a lower risk of side effects like increased cortisol or appetite compared to other compounds. It's used for muscle growth, fat loss, and recovery.

Isoliquiritigenin

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a natural flavonoid from licorice root that provides a smooth, clean mood boost and anxiety reduction. It works by enhancing GABA and inhibiting MAO, but its poor bioavailability means a specialized form is essential for effects. While promising, research is mostly preclinical.

Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin (formerly Accutane) is a powerful, prescription-only retinoid highly effective for severe acne. It is NOT a nootropic and carries significant risks of severe side effects, including depression and persistent 'brain fog,' by altering metabolism in key brain regions.

ITPP (Inosine Triphosphate)

ITPP is a synthetic molecule that modifies hemoglobin to release more oxygen into your body's tissues. While clinical research has focused on its potential for cancer and heart failure, users report significant boosts in physical endurance and mental clarity.

J147

J147 is an experimental nootropic developed at the Salk Institute. Derived from curcumin, it shows significant promise in animal studies for reversing cognitive deficits and promoting brain health by targeting mitochondrial function and boosting key growth factors. However, it remains an unapproved compound with very limited human data.

Kale

Kale

Kale is a nutrient-dense leafy green whose benefits are less about immediate cognitive enhancement and more about long-term neuroprotection. Rich in antioxidants like Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Sulforaphane, it helps combat oxidative stress and inflammation, supporting brain health over time as part of a balanced diet.

Kanna

Sceletium tortuosum (kanna) is a succulent plant from South Africa that acts as a natural SSRI and PDE4 inhibitor, enhancing serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine signaling. Clinical research shows it reduces amygdala reactivity to fearful stimuli, improves cognitive function, and supports mood regulation with doses ranging from 100-800mg daily.

Kanna

Kava

Kava is a herbal extract derived from the roots of the plant Piper methysticum. It is primarily used for its anxiolytic and sedative effects, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety without impairin

Kisspeptin-10

Kisspeptin-10 is a synthetic peptide that potently stimulates the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis, leading to increased GnRH, LH, and FSH release. It's currently being researched for its ability to boost sexual desire, support reproductive function, and naturally increase testosterone levels, acting as a hormone modulator.

KPV

KPV is a tripeptide fragment of α-MSH with potent anti-inflammatory properties. While primarily researched for intestinal inflammation, it shows theoretical promise for cognitive clarity through gut-brain axis modulation and microglial calming. Human nootropic trials are nonexistent, but biohacker communities report subtle reductions in inflammation-related brain fog.

KPV (Lysine-Proline-Valine) Peptide

KPV Acetate

KPV Peptide

Kratom

Kratom is a Southeast Asian botanical with a genuinely complex pharmacology — it's not simply an 'herbal opioid.' Its unique partial mu-opioid agonism combined with adrenergic and serotonergic activity creates dose-dependent effects ranging from stimulant-like energy to analgesic relaxation. While it shows real promise for pain management and mood support, the nootropic claims are overstated, and quality control is a serious concern.

L-Arginine

A semi-essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to nitric oxide (NO), a key molecule for vasodilation (widening of blood vessels). It's used to support cardiovascular health, improve exercise performance, and enhance cognitive function through better cerebral circulation.

L-Carnosine

A naturally occurring dipeptide with potent anti-glycation and neuroprotective properties. Best suited for long-term brain health maintenance and metabolic cognitive support rather than acute enhancement, with strong evidence for protecting against age-related cognitive decline.

L-Citrulline

L-Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that converts to L-arginine in the body, boosting nitric oxide production for improved blood flow. While primarily known as a workout supplement, it supports cognitive performance by enhancing oxygen and nutrient delivery to the brain, making it valuable for sustained mental effort.

L-DOPA

L-DOPA

L-DOPA is the direct metabolic precursor to dopamine and the gold-standard pharmaceutical treatment for Parkinson's disease. While it occurs naturally in the velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), its use as a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals carries significant risks of movement disorders, psychiatric side effects, and neurotransmitter downregulation that outweigh potential benefits.

L-Glutamine

L-Glutamine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and serves as a key energy source for cells, particularly in the intestines and immune system. It is primarily used for its

L-Glutathione

L-Glutathione is the body's 'master antioxidant,' a critical molecule for protecting cells from damage, supporting detoxification, and maintaining immune function. Because standard oral forms are poorly absorbed, its effectiveness depends entirely on choosing a highly bioavailable version like Liposomal or S-Acetyl L-Glutathione, or by using precursors like NAC.

L-Ornithine

L-Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that acts as a catalyst in the urea cycle, helping clear toxic ammonia from the body. Research supports its use for reducing physical fatigue, improving sleep quality, and modulating stress responses through GABA-A receptor interaction and HPA axis regulation.

L-Pyroglutamic Acid

L-Pyroglutamic acid is a naturally occurring cyclic amino acid derivative that supports memory and cognitive function through cholinergic enhancement and glutathione pathway participation. Most studied for age-related memory decline, with promising but limited human research.

L-Tetrahydropalmatine

L-Tetrahydropalmatine

L-Tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) is a potent alkaloid from the Corydalis plant, primarily used for sedation and pain relief. It works by blocking dopamine receptors, effectively quieting 'mental chatter.' It is best used for stubborn insomnia, but be warned—it's powerful and can cause next-day grogginess.

L-theanine

L-theanine is an amino acid from green tea that promotes a state of 'wakeful relaxation.' It reduces stress and enhances focus, especially when paired with caffeine, by boosting calming neurotransmitters and alpha brain waves.

L-Tryptophan

L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and the sole dietary precursor to serotonin and melatonin. It has strong clinical evidence for reducing the time it takes to fall asleep at doses of 1 gram or more, moderate evidence for mood support, and emerging research on cognitive benefits through sleep-dependent memory consolidation.

L-Tyrosine

L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid that serves as a building block for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Research suggests it may help maintain cognitive performance during acute stress, multitasking, and sleep deprivation by replenishing catecholamine stores. Most effective for short-term cognitive demands rather than daily baseline enhancement.

Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma

Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma is a unique probiotic strain that activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), specialized immune cells that help coordinate the body's antiviral and anti-inflammatory responses. Unlike typical gut-focused probiotics, LC-Plasma works through immune modulation, with emerging evidence suggesting benefits for neuroinflammation and cognitive resilience during immune challenges.

Laxogenin

Laxogenin is a synthetic plant steroid marketed as a 'natural anabolic' for building muscle without hormonal side effects. However, the evidence for its effectiveness in humans is extremely weak and anecdotal, and the market is filled with contaminated or fake products. It is not considered a legal dietary ingredient by the FDA.

Lemon Balm

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a well-studied anxiolytic herb with a rare dual profile — it calms the nervous system while simultaneously enhancing cognition. Backed by multiple RCTs and a systematic meta-analysis, it works primarily through GABA-T inhibition and acetylcholinesterase suppression, making it one of the more versatile herbal nootropics available.

Lemon Balm

LGD-3303

LGD-3303 is a potent, non-steroidal SARM known for producing 'dry' muscle gains with minimal water retention. However, it is an unapproved research chemical with no human clinical trials, carries a significant risk of testosterone suppression, and requires multiple daily doses due to its short half-life.

LGD-4033

LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) is a selective androgen receptor modulator originally developed to treat muscle wasting and bone disorders. While clinical trials show dose-dependent increases in lean body mass, it's not FDA-approved and carries significant risks including testosterone suppression and potential liver toxicity at recreational doses.

Lion's Mane Mushroom

Lion's Mane Mushroom

Lion's Mane is a unique medicinal mushroom that stimulates your brain's own growth factors — NGF and BDNF — rather than tweaking neurotransmitters directly. Multiple double-blind clinical trials show meaningful cognitive improvements in both older adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy younger populations, with an excellent safety profile across studies lasting up to 49 weeks.

Lithium Orotate

Lithium orotate is a low-dose, over-the-counter form of the trace mineral lithium bound to orotic acid for enhanced brain uptake. It offers neuroprotective, mood-stabilizing, and cognitive benefits at a fraction of the dose used in pharmaceutical lithium carbonate — though human clinical evidence for the orotate form specifically remains limited despite strong mechanistic data and exciting 2025 preclinical findings.

LL-37

LL-37 is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide your body produces as part of its innate immune defense system. It's gained traction in the biohacking community for wound healing, immune support, and gut barrier integrity — but its reputation as a cognitive enhancer doesn't hold up to scrutiny.

Maca Root

Maca Root

A cruciferous root from the Peruvian Andes containing unique bioactive macamides that support energy, sexual function, and cognitive health through dopaminergic modulation and endocannabinoid enhancement.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including neurotransmitter synthesis, NMDA receptor regulation, and HPA axis modulation. Roughly half of Americans don't get enough, making it one of the highest-impact foundational supplements for brain health, mood, and sleep.

Magnesium Acetyl L-Taurate

Magnesium Acetyl L-Taurate (MgAT) is a chelated magnesium compound that delivers more magnesium to the brain than any other form tested in preclinical research. It combines magnesium with acetyl-taurine for dual neuroprotective and calming effects, making it best suited for relaxation, sleep, and long-term brain health rather than stimulant-like cognitive enhancement.

Magnesium Chloride

Magnesium chloride is one of the most bioavailable forms of supplemental magnesium, delivering Mg²⁺ ions that regulate NMDA receptors, reduce neuroinflammation, and support over 300 enzymatic processes. It's best suited for correcting widespread magnesium deficiency and general nervous system support, though magnesium L-threonate has stronger evidence for targeted cognitive enhancement.

Magnesium Citrate

Magnesium citrate is one of the most bioavailable and cost-effective forms of supplemental magnesium, absorbing significantly better than the common (and largely useless) magnesium oxide. It supports sleep, mood, blood pressure, muscle relaxation, and migraine prevention — making it one of the best 'bang for your buck' foundational supplements you can take.

Magnesium Glycinate

Magnesium glycinate is a highly bioavailable, chelated form of magnesium bonded to the amino acid glycine, offering dual calming benefits from both components. It's widely regarded as the best-tolerated magnesium form for sleep, anxiety, and correcting the widespread subclinical deficiency affecting roughly 60% of adults.

Magnesium L-Threonate

Magnesium L-Threonate is the only magnesium form clinically shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and raise brain magnesium levels. Backed by multiple human trials for cognitive enhancement and sleep quality, it's one of the better-substantiated nootropic supplements available — especially for age-related cognitive support.

Magnesium Malate

Magnesium malate combines elemental magnesium with malic acid — a key compound in your body's energy production cycle. It's one of the most bioavailable forms of magnesium available, making it an excellent choice for daytime energy support, muscle recovery, and filling the magnesium gap that roughly half of Americans are walking around with.

Magnesium Taurate

Magnesium taurate is a chelated form of magnesium bound to the amino acid taurine, combining two of the most well-researched nutrients for cardiovascular and neurological health. While no human clinical trials exist on the combined compound itself, strong independent evidence for both magnesium and taurine — plus promising animal data — make this one of the more science-backed magnesium forms for heart health, blood sugar balance, and calm focus.

Magnesium Threonate

Magnolia Bark

Magnolia Bark

Magnolia officinalis is a traditional Chinese medicinal bark containing magnolol and honokiol, two compounds that modulate GABA receptors to reduce anxiety and improve sleep without the dependency risk of pharmaceutical anxiolytics. Used for over 2,000 years, it provides neuroprotection through multiple pathways including oxidative stress reduction and anti-inflammatory effects.

Magnolol

Magnolol is a biphenolic neolignan from Magnolia officinalis bark with over 2,000 years of traditional use and strong preclinical evidence for anxiolytic, neuroprotective, and sleep-promoting effects. It works primarily as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors through a unique binding site, along with CB2 cannabinoid receptor activity and MAO inhibition. While animal and mechanistic data are impressive, no standalone human clinical trials exist yet — making it a promising but still preliminary nootropic.

Maitake Mushroom

Maitake Mushroom

Grifola frondosa (maitake) is a medicinal mushroom with strong evidence for immune modulation and blood sugar regulation, plus promising preclinical research showing neuroprotective effects through AMPA receptor enhancement, BDNF upregulation, and amyloid-beta clearance. Best used as a foundational health mushroom in a broader nootropic stack rather than a standalone cognitive enhancer.

Matrine

Matrine is a multi-target quinolizidine alkaloid from Sophora flavescens with a unique combination of anti-inflammatory, cholinergic, and neuroprotective mechanisms. While preclinical evidence is compelling, there are no human trials for cognitive or neurological benefits. Conservative dosing (100mg/day) is essential due to a narrow therapeutic window and potential hepatotoxicity at higher doses.

Melanotan II

Melanotan II is a synthetic peptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that activates melanocortin receptors throughout the body. Originally developed for skin cancer prevention through sunless tanning, it has gained attention for its effects on sexual function, appetite, and emerging research into neuroprotection and social cognition.

Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone naturally produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and functions as a potent antioxidant in the brain. While commonly used as a sleep aid, most people are taking way too much — physiologic doses of 0.3-1mg are often more effective than the typical 3-10mg products on shelves.

Meldonium

Meldonium (Mildronate) is a Latvian-developed metabolic modulator originally designed for cardiovascular protection. It works by shifting cellular energy production from fatty acid to glucose oxidation, improving efficiency under stress. While primarily prescribed for heart disease, it shows genuine neuroprotective and cognitive benefits — particularly in populations with cerebrovascular issues — though evidence in healthy young adults remains limited.

Memantine

Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist originally approved for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease that has gained significant off-label interest in the nootropics community for neuroprotection, tolerance prevention, and cognitive support. Its unique voltage-dependent mechanism blocks excessive glutamate signaling without shutting down normal brain function — a critical distinction from other NMDA antagonists.

Menthol

Menthol is a naturally occurring terpene from peppermint that crosses the blood-brain barrier and hits an unusually wide range of neurological targets — from cholinergic and GABAergic systems to immune signaling. A landmark 2023 study showed menthol inhalation prevented cognitive decline in Alzheimer's models by reducing IL-1β, connecting smell, immunity, and cognition in a genuinely novel way.

Meshima Mushroom

Phellinus linteus is a medicinal mushroom known for its potential health benefits, including immune support and antioxidant properties. It is primarily used in traditional medicine and is believed to

Methylene Blue

Methylene blue is a century-old pharmaceutical dye turned mitochondrial powerhouse that enhances cellular energy production in the brain at low doses. It works through a unique hormetic dose-response — tiny amounts supercharge your mitochondria, while higher doses do the opposite. Most nootropic users target 0.5–2 mg/kg/day (roughly 10–30 mg) for cognitive and neuroprotective benefits.

Methylliberine

Methylliberine (Dynamine®) is a fast-acting purine alkaloid related to caffeine with an ultra-short half-life of about 1 hour. Research suggests it improves subjective energy, mood, and motivation without the jitters, crashes, or sleep disruption associated with caffeine — especially when stacked with caffeine and theacrine.

MIF-1 Peptide

MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) is an endogenous neuropeptide — the C-terminal tripeptide fragment of oxytocin — that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of dopamine D2 receptors. Small but compelling clinical trials from the 1970s-90s showed rapid antidepressant effects at low doses, and it remains one of the most under-researched yet promising peptides for mood and motivation support.

Mitragynine

Mitragynine is the primary psychoactive alkaloid in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), acting as a partial agonist at mu-opioid receptors with a notably different pharmacological profile than classical opioids. It shows dose-dependent effects — stimulating at low doses and sedating at higher ones — and has drawn significant research interest for its potential role in pain management and opioid withdrawal support.

Modafinil

Modafinil is a prescription wakefulness-promoting agent originally developed for narcolepsy that has become one of the most widely used cognitive enhancers in the world. It offers a cleaner, less jittery alternative to traditional stimulants, with a well-studied safety profile and genuine evidence for improved focus, executive function, and mental endurance — though it's not the limitless pill the internet makes it out to be.

MOTS-C

MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that acts as a signaling molecule between your mitochondria and the rest of your body. Research suggests it mimics some of the metabolic benefits of exercise — improving insulin sensitivity, supporting fat metabolism, and promoting cellular energy production. It's one of the most exciting peptides in the longevity and metabolic health space, though human research is still in its early stages.

MOTS-C Peptide

Mucuna Pruriens

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume used in Ayurvedic medicine that contains naturally occurring L-DOPA, the direct precursor to dopamine. Unlike synthetic dopamine precursors, Mucuna provides a full spectrum of compounds that support dopaminergic function while offering neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Myo-Inositol Trispyrophosphate Sodium

Myo-Inositol Trispyrophosphate Sodium (ITPP) is a synthetic compound that enhances oxygen delivery to tissues by modulating hemoglobin's oxygen-binding properties. Originally researched for cancer therapy, it shows promise for cognitive enhancement through improved brain oxygenation, mitochondrial function, and reduced oxidative stress.

Myricetin

Myricetin is a potent flavonoid antioxidant found in berries, tea, and red wine that protects brain cells from oxidative damage while supporting mitochondrial function and synaptic plasticity. Research suggests it may improve focus and attention through multiple neuroprotective mechanisms, though most cognitive benefits require consistent use over 8-12 weeks.

Myrrh

Myrrh

Myrrh is an ancient oleo-gum resin with surprisingly modern pharmacology — its furanodienes interact directly with opioid receptors for pain relief, while guggulsterones suppress neuroinflammation through NF-κB and TLR4 pathways. Best supported by clinical evidence for analgesic use, with promising but early neuroprotective research.

N-Acetyl Epithalon

N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate

N-Acetyl GHK

N-Acetyl GHK is an acetylated form of the GHK copper peptide that may support cognitive function through neurotrophic factor production, neuroinflammation reduction, and antioxidant activity. Research on related GHK compounds suggests potential benefits for focus, neuroprotection, and brain health, though human studies specifically on N-Acetyl GHK remain limited.

N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine

N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) is an acetylated form of the amino acid L-Tyrosine that serves as a precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It's marketed as having superior bioavailability compared to standard L-Tyrosine, making it popular for cognitive enhancement, stress resilience, and maintaining mental performance during demanding situations.

N-Acetyl Semax

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

N-Acetyl-Selank Acetate

N-Acetyl-Selank Acetate is a synthetic peptide derived from the naturally occurring peptide Selank. It is primarily used for its anxiolytic and cognitive-enhancing properties, potentially improving me

N-Acetyl-Semax-Amidate Acetate

N-Acetyl-α-MSH

N-Acetyl-α-MSH is a modified peptide hormone that activates melanocortin receptors with enhanced stability and potency compared to unmodified α-MSH. Research suggests it may reduce neuroinflammation, combat oxidative stress, and support synaptic plasticity through its influence on hypothalamic and neural signaling pathways.

N-Methyl-Cyclazodone

N-Methyl-Cyclazodone is a synthetic stimulant compound structurally related to cyclazodone, investigated primarily for its reported eugeroic (wakefulness-promoting) and cognitive enhancement properties. Research communities have explored its potential effects on dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmitter systems, though controlled human trials remain limited.

NAC

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a modified form of the amino acid cysteine that serves as a precursor to glutathione, the body's master antioxidant. It modulates glutamate neurotransmission, reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and has shown promise for improving focus and attention, particularly in conditions involving compulsive behaviors and addiction.

NAD+

NAD+ is a critical coenzyme found in every cell that powers mitochondrial energy production and activates longevity pathways through sirtuins. Levels decline with age, but NAD+ precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) can restore cellular NAD+ to support cognitive function, reduce neuroinflammation, and enhance metabolic health.

NAD+

NADH

Nefiracetam

Nefiracetam is a synthetic nootropic compound belonging to the racetam family. It is primarily used for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects, including improved memory, learning, and overall cogn

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Nicotinic acid is the original form of vitamin B3 and a potent NAD+ precursor with a unique mechanism — HCAR2 receptor activation — that no other B3 form can replicate. Epidemiological research links higher niacin intake to a 70% reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease, and a controlled trial showed 10-40% improvements in short-term memory in healthy adults. It's dirt cheap, well-studied, and dramatically underappreciated as a nootropic.

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Nicotinamide Riboside

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) is a form of vitamin B3 that reliably boosts NAD+, a coenzyme critical for cellular energy, DNA repair, and healthy aging. Human trials consistently show 2-3x increases in blood NAD+ levels, with promising but still unproven cognitive benefits. It's best understood as foundational cellular support rather than an acute brain booster.

Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride

Nicotine

Nicotine is a potent cholinergic alkaloid that directly activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, producing rapid and well-documented improvements in attention, memory, and psychomotor speed. While it's one of the most reliable cognitive enhancers studied, its significant addiction potential demands disciplined, intermittent use — making safer cholinergics the better first choice for most people.

NMN

NMN

NMN is a direct precursor to NAD+, the coenzyme your cells need for energy, DNA repair, and hundreds of metabolic processes. It reliably raises NAD+ levels in human trials and shows promising benefits for physical performance and healthy aging, though its cognitive effects in humans remain modest so far.

Nobiletin

Nobiletin is a polymethoxyflavone found in citrus peels that enhances memory and cognitive function by increasing acetylcholine and dopamine levels, reducing neuroinflammation, and supporting synaptic plasticity. Human studies show measurable cognitive improvements after 8-12 weeks of consistent use, particularly in older adults.

Nooglutyl

Nooglutyl is a Russian-developed synthetic nootropic that works as a positive AMPA receptor modulator. It has 29 published preclinical studies showing impressive neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects in animals — but zero human clinical trials. A genuinely interesting compound with real scientific backing, though anyone using it is essentially self-experimenting.

Noopept

Noopept is a synthetic peptide nootropic developed in Russia that enhances BDNF expression, modulates cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and reduces neuroinflammation. Research shows cognitive benefits at doses of 10-30mg daily, with effects on memory, learning, and neuroprotection.

NSI-189 Free Base

NSI-189 Freebase

NSI-189 Phosphate

NSI-189 Phosphate is a novel synthetic compound developed by Neuralstem, Inc. that stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis through a mechanism entirely independent of monoamine neurotransmitters. While it has failed its primary depression endpoints in two clinical trials, it shows consistent pro-cognitive signals and a favorable safety profile, making it one of the more intriguing investigational nootropics available as a research chemical.

Nuciferin

Nuciferine is an aporphine alkaloid from sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) with a remarkably broad receptor profile — acting as a 5-HT1A agonist, 5-HT2A antagonist, and D2 partial agonist in a pattern strikingly similar to the pharmaceutical aripiprazole. While human clinical trials are still lacking, robust preclinical evidence supports its use for sleep, mood, neuroprotection, and metabolic health.

Oat Straw

Oat Straw

Avena sativa (oat straw) is a gentle, plant-based nootropic with dual dopaminergic and cAMP-boosting activity. Multiple small RCTs show acute cognitive benefits — particularly for attention, working memory, and processing speed — at doses of 800–1600 mg of standardized green oat extract. It's best suited as a mild cognitive optimizer rather than a heavy-hitting stimulant alternative.

Oleamide

Oleamide is an endogenous fatty acid amide that acts as a sleep-promoting and neuroprotective compound. It modulates GABA and serotonin receptors, reduces neuroinflammation through microglial regulation, and protects against oxidative stress. While primarily known for its sedative effects, emerging research suggests broader cognitive benefits including memory enhancement and neuroprotection.

Oleoylethanolamide

Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is an endogenous lipid signaling molecule that regulates appetite, metabolism, and cognitive function through PPAR-α activation and modulation of central neurotransmitter systems. Research shows it crosses the blood-brain barrier to provide neuroprotection, reduce inflammation, and support dopaminergic and noradrenergic signaling pathways involved in focus and motivation.

Orexin A

Orexin A is a neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. It is primarily studied for its potential nootropic benefits related to enhancing alertness, cogn

Oroxylin A

Oroxylin A is a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) that enhances dopamine signaling, promotes BDNF expression, and supports neurogenesis. Research shows promise for attention, memory consolidation, and neuroprotection, though most evidence comes from animal studies with limited human trials.

Oroxylum indicum

Oroxylum indicum is a traditional Ayurvedic herb that's gaining serious attention in the nootropics world for its ability to boost BDNF, protect neurons from oxidative stress, and enhance focus without the jittery overstimulation of typical stimulants. Research shows it works through multiple pathways—dopamine modulation, GABA antagonism, and powerful antioxidant activity—with clinical evidence supporting cognitive improvements in people with mild cognitive impairment.

Ostarine

Ostarine (Enobosarm/MK-2866) is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) originally developed by GTX Inc. for muscle wasting conditions. Research demonstrates selective androgen receptor binding in muscle and bone tissue with reduced androgenic effects in other tissues, distinguishing it from traditional anabolic compounds.

Oxiracetam

Oxiracetam is a synthetic nootropic compound belonging to the racetam family. It is primarily used for its cognitive-enhancing effects, including improved memory, learning capacity, and overall mental

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a naturally occurring peptide hormone and neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in social bonding, emotional regulation, and stress reduction. While primarily known for its role in childbirth and lactation, research shows it modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, enhances synaptic plasticity, and may offer benefits for social cognition and anxiety when administered intranasally.

Oxytocin Acetate

P-21 Peptide

P-21 Peptide is a synthetic peptide compound primarily used for its potential neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties. It is believed to promote neuronal health and support memory and learn

P5P (Active Vitamin B6)

Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphate (P5P) is the active, bioavailable form of vitamin B6 that serves as an essential cofactor for over 140 enzymatic reactions in the body — including the synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine. Unlike standard pyridoxine supplements that require conversion by the liver, P5P is immediately usable by cells, making it particularly valuable for individuals with impaired B6 metabolism or those seeking neurotransmitter support.

P5P (Active Vitamin B6)

PAL-GHK Peptide

PAL-GHK Peptide is a synthetic peptide derived from the naturally occurring tripeptide GHK. It is primarily used for its potential nootropic benefits, including promoting cognitive function, enhancing

PE-22-28 Peptide

PE-22-28 is a synthetic peptide derived from shortened spadin analogs that enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling and blocks TREK-1 potassium channels to promote neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. Research suggests it may support cognitive function, particularly focus and attention, though clinical evidence in humans remains limited.

PEA

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide that reduces neuroinflammation and supports brain health through PPAR-α activation, increasing BDNF expression and promoting neurogenesis. Clinical research demonstrates significant improvements in cognitive function, particularly when taken consistently for 8-12 weeks at doses between 300-1200mg daily.

Phenibut

Phenibut is a synthetic derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). It is primarily used for its anxiolytic and nootropic effects, promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, and en

Phenylpiracetam

Phenylpiracetam is a synthetic nootropic compound derived from piracetam, which is known for its cognitive-enhancing properties. It is primarily used to improve memory, focus, and physical performance

Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide

Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide is a synthetic derivative of the nootropic compound phenylpiracetam. It is primarily used for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects, including improved memory, focus, and

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid and direct precursor to choline, essential for acetylcholine synthesis and neuronal membrane integrity. It supports cognitive function, reduces neuroinflammation, and protects against oxidative stress. Best for those seeking foundational brain health support rather than acute cognitive enhancement.

Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid that maintains cellular membrane integrity and supports cholinergic neurotransmission. Research shows it enhances cognitive function, particularly focus and memory, while reducing cortisol response to stress. Most effective with consistent use over 8-12 weeks.

Picamilon

Picamilon is a synthetic compound that combines niacin (vitamin B3) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is primarily used for its nootropic effects, including enhancing cognitive function, reducing

Pine Bark Extract

French maritime pine bark extract containing powerful proanthocyanidins that cross the blood-brain barrier to reduce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Research shows moderate evidence for improved focus and attention, with effects typically emerging after 8-12 weeks of consistent use at 50-300mg daily.

Piracetam

The original nootropic — Piracetam started an entire industry and remains one of the most studied cognitive enhancers with over 50 years of research.

PNC-27 Peptide

PNC-27 is a synthetic chimeric peptide combining p53 protein fragments with a penetratin sequence, primarily researched for its selective targeting of HDM-2 proteins in cancer cells. While mainly studied in oncology contexts, preliminary research suggests potential neuroprotective properties through reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory burden in malignant tissue, though direct cognitive benefits remain speculative and unstudied in healthy populations.

Polygala tenuifolia

Polygala tenuifolia is an herbal extract derived from a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is primarily utilized for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects, including memory im

Pomegranate Extract

Pomegranate extract is a polyphenol-rich compound derived from Punica granatum that supports cognitive function through multiple mechanisms including acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant activity, and neuroinflammation reduction. Research shows it may enhance focus, attention, and memory while protecting against neurodegenerative processes, with effects typically emerging after 8-12 weeks of consistent use.

Poria cocos

Poria cocos is a medicinal mushroom used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for over 2,000 years to support cognitive function, reduce anxiety, and promote overall brain health. It works through multiple mechanisms including cholinergic enhancement, GABAergic modulation, and reduction of neuroinflammation, with modern research validating many of its traditional uses.

PQQ

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor and antioxidant that plays a role in cellular energy metabolism. It is primarily used for its potential neuroprotective effects, promoting cognitive

PQQ

Pramiracetam

Pramiracetam is a synthetic nootropic compound belonging to the racetam family. It is primarily used for enhancing cognitive functions such as memory, learning, and focus, and is believed to improve o

Pregnenolone

Pregnenolone is a neurosteroid hormone precursor that enhances cholinergic function, modulates GABA and glutamate signaling, and reduces neuroinflammation. Research shows it can improve memory and cognitive function, particularly in aging populations, with typical doses ranging from 30-300mg daily.

PRL-8-53

PRL-8-53 is a synthetic nootropic compound investigated in the 1970s for memory enhancement, showing promising results in a single human trial where participants demonstrated significantly improved retention of learned information. Though research is limited, the compound appears to work through cholinergic potentiation and dopaminergic modulation.

Pyritinol

Pyritinol is a synthetic derivative of vitamin B6 that enhances cholinergic neurotransmission and provides antioxidant protection to brain tissue. Originally developed in the 1960s for cognitive decline, it's best known for improving focus and attention through increased acetylcholine synthesis, though results require 8-12 weeks of consistent use.

Pyritinol hydrochloride

Quercetin

Quercetin is a powerful flavonoid antioxidant found in apples, onions, and berries that enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reduces neuroinflammation, and supports synaptic plasticity through multiple complementary mechanisms.

R-Alpha Lipoic Acid

R-Alpha Lipoic Acid is the naturally occurring, biologically active form of alpha-lipoic acid—a powerful antioxidant that works in both fat and water-soluble environments to protect brain cells, enhance mitochondrial function, and support cognitive performance. Unlike synthetic ALA (which contains both R and S forms), R-ALA is the form your body actually makes and uses.

R-Lipoic Acid

RAD 140

RAD 140 is a synthetic selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that is primarily used for its potential to enhance muscle growth and strength. It is being researched for its anabolic properties,

RAD140

Reduced Glutathione

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is your brain's master antioxidant—a tripeptide that protects neurons from oxidative damage, supports mitochondrial energy production, and modulates inflammatory responses. While oral bioavailability has historically been a concern, newer formulations like liposomal and acetylated glutathione show promising absorption.

Reishi Mushroom

Reishi Mushroom

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) is a medicinal mushroom with over 2,000 years of traditional use and strong modern evidence for immune modulation, stress resilience, and sleep support. Its 400+ bioactive compounds — primarily triterpenoids and beta-glucans — work through GABAergic, serotonergic, and immunomodulatory pathways to promote calm, balanced immunity, and neuroprotection.

Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound found in red wine, grapes, and Japanese knotweed that supports cognitive function through multiple pathways including reduced neuroinflammation, enhanced antioxidant defenses, and improved synaptic plasticity. Research shows moderate evidence for focus and attention benefits, particularly with consistent long-term use of 8-12 weeks.

Retatrutide

Retatrutide is an investigational triple receptor agonist peptide (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon) currently in Phase III clinical trials for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Research suggests potential cognitive benefits through metabolic optimization, though the compound has not been approved by the FDA for human use.

Rhodiola Rosea

Rhodiola rosea is a traditional adaptogenic herb that enhances mental and physical performance during stress by modulating neurotransmitter systems (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) and reducing oxidative stress. Clinical research demonstrates significant improvements in fatigue, cognitive function, and mood with 200-600mg daily doses, typically requiring 2-4 weeks for full effects.

Rosmarinic Acid

Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenolic compound found in rosemary, lemon balm, and other herbs that enhances cholinergic function, reduces neuroinflammation, and promotes neurogenesis through BDNF activation. Research shows significant cognitive improvements with 100-500mg daily doses, particularly in aging populations, with effects building over 8-12 weeks of consistent use.

RU58841

RU58841 is an experimental anti-androgen compound primarily investigated for its potential to prevent hair loss by blocking dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at the androgen receptor level. Originally developed by Roussel Uclaf in the 1980s, it has been studied in clinical settings but never reached FDA approval, remaining available only as a research chemical.

S-23

S-23 is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) studied primarily for its muscle-building properties, with emerging research suggesting potential effects on motivation and energy through androgen receptor activation in brain reward pathways.

S-Acetyl L-Glutathione

S-Acetyl L-Glutathione (SAG) is an acetylated form of glutathione, the body's master antioxidant, designed for superior absorption and bioavailability. Unlike standard glutathione supplements that break down in the digestive tract, SAG's acetyl group protects it through digestion and allows it to cross cell membranes intact, making it one of the most effective ways to raise intracellular glutathione levels and support brain health.

S-Phenylacetyl L-Glutathione

S-Phenylacetyl L-Glutathione (S-PAG) is a highly bioavailable form of glutathione—your body's master antioxidant—designed to survive digestion and actually raise cellular glutathione levels. Unlike standard glutathione supplements that break down in the gut, S-PAG uses a protective phenylacetyl group to enhance absorption and deliver functional glutathione where your brain needs it most.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate

Epicor is a fermented yeast extract derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is primarily used for its potential immune-supporting benefits and may also contribute to gut health and overall well-bein

Saffron

Saffron

Saffron (Crocus sativus) is one of the most clinically validated natural antidepressants available, with multiple head-to-head trials showing efficacy comparable to SSRIs like fluoxetine for mild-to-moderate depression. At 30 mg/day of standardized extract, it modulates serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, and BDNF simultaneously — a remarkably broad mechanism with a clean safety profile.

Sage

Sage is an herb belonging to the mint family, primarily used for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties. It is believed to support memory, concentration, and overall cognitive function.

Sage

Salidroside

Salidroside is the primary bioactive compound in Rhodiola rosea, a traditional adaptogenic herb used for centuries to combat fatigue and enhance resilience. Research shows it supports cognitive function through BDNF activation, dopamine preservation, and neuroinflammation reduction — making it particularly valuable for mental clarity under stress.

Sarcosine

Sarcosine is a glycine derivative that enhances glutamatergic signaling by inhibiting glycine reuptake, primarily researched for its effects on focus and cognitive function through NMDA receptor modulation.

Schisandra

Schisandra extract is derived from the berries of the Schisandra chinensis plant. It is primarily used for its adaptogenic properties, enhancing cognitive function, reducing stress, and improving over

Schisandrin

Schisandrin is a lignan compound derived from the fruit of the Schisandra chinensis plant. It is primarily used for its potential nootropic benefits, including enhancing cognitive function, reducing s

Selegiline

Selegiline is a selective MAO-B inhibitor originally developed for Parkinson's disease that enhances dopamine availability, increases BDNF production, and provides neuroprotective effects through multiple mechanisms including oxidative stress reduction and mitochondrial protection.

Semax

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia from an ACTH(4-10) fragment, investigated for its effects on BDNF upregulation, dopaminergic modulation, and neuroinflammation reduction. Research indicates potential benefits for focus, memory, and stress resilience, though it remains an investigational compound without FDA approval.

Semax Acetate

Sermorelin

Sermorelin is a synthetic peptide that stimulates your body's natural production of growth hormone, which in turn triggers the release of IGF-1 — a critical growth factor that supports brain health, neurogenesis, and cognitive function. Unlike direct growth hormone replacement, Sermorelin works with your body's existing regulatory systems to enhance GABA neurotransmitter function, promote mitochondrial energy production, and support synaptic plasticity.

Sesamin

Sesamin is a lignan compound derived from sesame seeds. It is primarily used for its potential antioxidant properties and may support metabolic health, including fat metabolism and cholesterol regulat

Shiitake Mushroom

Shiitake Mushroom

Shiitake mushroom is a medicinal fungus with thousands of years of traditional use in East Asia. While it has strong evidence for immune support and antioxidant benefits, its cognitive effects are less established than Lion's Mane. Works primarily through gut-brain axis modulation, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and reduction of neuroinflammation. Best used as part of a comprehensive mushroom stack rather than as a standalone nootropic.

Shilajit

Shilajit is a resinous compound that oozes from rocks in high-altitude mountain ranges, loaded with fulvic acid and over 85 trace minerals. It's been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries as a rejuvenator, and modern research backs up its reputation as a mitochondrial energizer and neuroprotectant.

Silymarin

Silymarin is the active flavonoid complex extracted from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), traditionally used for liver support but increasingly recognized for neuroprotective properties. Research shows it modulates dopamine and serotonin systems, reduces neuroinflammation through TLR4 pathway inhibition, and provides potent antioxidant protection to neural tissue.

Sodium R-Lipoate

Spermidine

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine found in wheat germ, soybeans, and aged cheese that triggers cellular autophagy—your body's cleanup system for damaged proteins and organelles. Research suggests it may support cognitive function, cardiovascular health, and healthy aging through multiple mechanisms including mitochondrial optimization and reduction of neuroinflammation.

Spirulina

Spirulina

Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) is a nutrient-dense cyanobacterium containing 55-70% protein, all essential amino acids, and the unique antioxidant pigment phycocyanin. Clinical trials support its benefits for sleep quality, anti-inflammatory effects, and visual memory in older adults, making it a strong foundational supplement for brain health.

SR-9009

SR-9009 is an investigational REV-ERB nuclear receptor agonist that has shown promise in research for enhancing mitochondrial function, reducing neuroinflammation, and improving metabolic parameters. While preclinical data is compelling, human clinical evidence remains limited and the compound is not approved for human use.

SR-9011

SR9011

Stenabolic

Sulbutiamine

Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1). It is primarily used as a nootropic to enhance cognitive function, improve mood, and reduce fatigue.

Sunifiram

Sunifiram is a synthetic nootropic compound belonging to the racetam family. It is primarily used for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects, including improved memory, learning, and focus.

Synephrine

Synephrine is a chemical compound derived from the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). It is primarily used for its stimulant effects, which may enhance energy, promote fat loss, and improve cognitive f

Tadalafil

Tadalafil is a PDE5 inhibitor primarily prescribed for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but emerging research reveals significant cognitive benefits through improved cerebral perfusion, reduced neuroinflammation, and protection against oxidative stress. Studies show promise for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative conditions.

Tart Cherry

Tart Cherry Extract is an herbal extract derived from the fruit of the Prunus cerasus tree. It is primarily used for its potential nootropic benefits, including improving sleep quality, reducing infla

Taurine

Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, reduces neuroinflammation, and provides robust antioxidant protection. With a strong safety profile and benefits extending from cognitive function to exercise performance, it's one of the most versatile and well-researched foundational supplements available.

Tesofensine

Tesofensine is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Originally developed for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, it demonstrated powerful weight loss effects in clinical trials and is now being investigated primarily for obesity treatment and metabolic enhancement.

Tetrahydromagnolol

Tetrahydromagnolol is a metabolite derived from magnolia bark compounds that acts as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 and cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Research suggests it may support focus and attention through balanced dopaminergic modulation while reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, though human dosing protocols remain largely unexplored.

Theacrine

Theacrine is a purine alkaloid found in certain tea leaves and coffee. It is primarily used for its stimulant and nootropic effects, which may enhance energy, focus, and mood without the tolerance bui

Thymalin

Thymalin is a bioregulatory peptide complex derived from thymus tissue that primarily supports immune function but shows emerging potential for cognitive enhancement through neuroinflammation reduction and cellular maintenance. Research suggests it may improve focus and attention through immune modulation, though most evidence comes from Eastern European studies and clinical application remains specialized.

Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a peptide that plays a crucial role in immune modulation and has been studied for its potential nootropic effects. It is primarily used to enhance immune function and may support c

Thymosin Beta 4 Fragment 1-4

Thymosin Beta 4 Fragment 17-23

Thymosin Beta-4

Thymosin Beta-4 is a naturally occurring peptide that promotes neurogenesis, reduces inflammation, and enhances synaptic plasticity through actin regulation and activation of neural progenitor cells. While primarily known for tissue repair and wound healing, emerging research suggests significant cognitive benefits through its effects on brain cell growth and neuroprotection.

Tianeptine Sodium

Tianeptine Sodium is a synthetic compound primarily used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic. It is known for its unique mechanism of action that enhances mood and cognitive function, making it a subj

Tianeptine Sulfate

Tianeptine Sulfate is a synthetic compound primarily used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic. It is known for its unique mechanism of action, which enhances serotonin uptake and has neuroprotective p

Tiger Milk Mushroom

Tiger Milk Mushroom

Tiger Milk Mushroom

A rare underground-growing medicinal mushroom from Southeast Asia that mimics Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) to support neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. While human cognitive trials are still lacking, strong preclinical evidence supports its neuroprotective and respiratory benefits.

Tirzepatide

Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist originally developed for type 2 diabetes and obesity that shows promising neuroprotective effects. Research demonstrates it reduces neuroinflammation, enhances synaptic plasticity, and improves cognitive function in metabolic dysfunction models, though human cognitive data remains limited.

Tocopherol

Tocopherol (Vitamin E) is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects brain cell membranes from oxidative damage while modulating dopamine and serotonin levels. Research shows it supports cognitive function, reduces neuroinflammation, and may enhance focus when taken consistently over 8-12 weeks.

Tongkat Ali

Tongkat Ali

Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) is a Southeast Asian root extract with the strongest clinical evidence of any herbal testosterone supporter, particularly for men with low baseline levels. It works primarily by activating the CYP17 enzyme to boost upstream testosterone precursors while reducing cortisol — a dual mechanism that supports hormonal balance, stress resilience, and sexual health.

Tremella Mushroom

Tremella Mushroom

Tremella Mushroom Extract is derived from the Tremella fuciformis fungus, known for its gelatinous texture. It is primarily used for its potential cognitive benefits, including enhancing memory and fo

Triacetyluridine

Triacetyluridine (TAU) is a highly bioavailable prodrug of uridine that supports cholinergic neurotransmission, dopamine signaling, and synaptic plasticity. Research shows it enhances memory formation, protects dopaminergic neurons, and may improve mood in bipolar disorder, with effects typically emerging after 8-12 weeks of consistent use at 100-300mg daily.

Tribulus Terrestris

Tribulus terrestris is a traditional medicinal plant that's recently gained attention for its potential brain health benefits beyond its historical use for physical performance. Research suggests it may support cognitive function through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, though most people know it primarily for other uses.

Trigonelline

Trigonelline is a plant alkaloid found abundantly in coffee and fenugreek that functions as an NAD+ precursor, supporting mitochondrial biogenesis while reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Research shows moderate evidence for improved focus and attention through dopaminergic modulation, with typical doses of 100-500mg daily.

TUDCA

Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) is a bile acid derivative with potent neuroprotective properties, working through multiple mechanisms including reducing neuroinflammation, combating oxidative stress, and supporting synaptic plasticity. Research shows moderate evidence for cognitive benefits, particularly focus and attention, with typical doses ranging from 250-1500mg daily.

Turkey Tail Mushroom

Turkey Tail Mushroom

Turkey Tail Extract is a medicinal mushroom extract derived from the Trametes versicolor fungus. It is primarily used for its immune-boosting properties and potential cognitive benefits, including enh

Tyrosol

Tyrosol is a phenolic antioxidant compound found primarily in olive oil and the Mediterranean diet. While research is preliminary, studies suggest it may reduce oxidative stress in the brain, support neuroprotection, and modulate inflammatory pathways involved in cognitive health.

Ubiquinol

Ubiquinol is the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, a fat-soluble antioxidant found in the body. It is primarily used for its potential to enhance energy production in cells and support cardiovascular heal

Uridine

Uridine is a nucleoside that serves as a building block for RNA and plays a crucial role in brain cell membrane synthesis. Research shows it enhances dopamine signaling, promotes neurogenesis, and supports synaptic plasticity, making it particularly valuable for memory, learning, and cognitive performance when combined with choline sources and omega-3 fatty acids.

Uridine Monophosphate

Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) is a nucleotide building block that supports brain cell membrane synthesis, enhances cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and promotes neurogenesis. Often stacked with choline sources and omega-3s for synergistic cognitive benefits.

Valerian

Valerian

Valerian root is a traditional herbal anxiolytic and sleep aid that works primarily by enhancing GABA neurotransmission, reducing neuroinflammation, and protecting against oxidative stress. Clinical trials support its use for improving sleep quality and reducing anxiety, with effects typically emerging after consistent use over several weeks.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, primarily studied for its effects on neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegenerative conditions. Research demonstrates VIP's ability to modulate immune responses in the brain, enhance learning mechanisms, and protect neurons from oxidative damage through multiple pathways.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

Vincamine

Vincamine is an alkaloid extracted from the periwinkle plant (Vinca minor) that enhances cerebral blood flow and protects dopaminergic neurons. Research shows it reduces neuroinflammation and oxidative stress while supporting focus and attention, though most evidence comes from preclinical models rather than large human trials.

Vinpocetine

Vinpocetine is a synthetic derivative of vincamine, a compound found in the periwinkle plant, that enhances cerebral blood flow and metabolism. It works through multiple mechanisms including PDE1 inhibition, dopaminergic modulation, and anti-inflammatory pathways to support cognitive function, particularly focus and memory.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) is a foundational vitamin critical for neurotransmitter synthesis, myelin maintenance, and cellular energy production. Supplementation produces dramatic cognitive and mood benefits in deficient individuals — and subclinical deficiency is far more common than most people realize — but evidence does not support it as a cognitive enhancer in those with adequate levels.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is an essential B-vitamin that serves as a critical cofactor in the synthesis of major neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and acetylcholine. While often overlooked in favor of more exotic nootropics, adequate B6 levels are foundational for optimal brain function, mood regulation, and cognitive performance.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that serves as a critical cofactor for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin synthesis in the brain. While not a flashy 'smart drug,' it's foundational neurochemical infrastructure — the brain hoards it at 10x plasma levels for good reason. The strongest cognitive gains come from correcting deficiency rather than megadosing, making it a high-value, low-risk baseline for any nootropic stack.

Vitamin D3

Vitamin D3

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) is a critical prohormone for brain health, not just bones. Low levels are strongly linked to depression and cognitive decline. Supplementing (with fat) can restore optimal levels, but it's crucial to pair it with cofactors like Magnesium and Vitamin K2 for safety and effectiveness.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E

D-alpha tocopherol is the naturally occurring, most biologically active form of vitamin E — the body's primary fat-soluble antioxidant. While it won't supercharge cognition in healthy adults, strong clinical evidence shows it slows functional decline in existing Alzheimer's disease, and it serves as a foundational neuroprotective nutrient in any long-term brain health stack.

Vitamin K2

Vitamin K2

Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) is a fat-soluble vitamin with emerging evidence for brain health, primarily through its role in vascular protection and calcium metabolism. While the cognitive research is still mostly preclinical, the cardiovascular data is strong — and your brain depends on healthy blood vessels. MK-7 is the preferred supplemental form due to its superior bioavailability and long half-life.

Wolfiporia extensa

YK-11

YK-11 is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) with partial agonist activity that has been studied primarily for its effects on muscle tissue and bone metabolism. Limited research suggests potential cognitive effects through dopaminergic modulation and mitochondrial biogenesis pathways, though human data is scarce and safety concerns have been raised.

Yohimbine

Yohimbine hydrochloride is a potent α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist extracted from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree. By blocking inhibitory receptors that normally limit norepinephrine release, it increases sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to enhanced fat mobilization, cognitive arousal, and physical performance. While effective for targeted fat loss and pre-workout energy, it requires careful dosing and carries meaningful side effects that make it unsuitable for many users.

Zinc

Zinc is an essential trace mineral that modulates brain neurotransmitter systems, particularly GABA and glutamate, while providing antioxidant neuroprotection. Research shows moderate evidence for improvements in focus and attention, with benefits most pronounced in those with deficiency or suboptimal zinc status.

Zinc Glycinate

Zinc Glycinate is a highly bioavailable form of zinc bound to the amino acid glycine, designed for superior absorption and minimal gastrointestinal distress. This essential mineral plays critical roles in neurotransmitter function, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection, making it a foundational supplement for cognitive health and mental performance.